The fine fescues are excellent low-maintenance grasses; they do well under low fertility and low moisture conditions. Hard Fescue. The leaves of Tall Fescue are generally wider than those of Fine Fescue, making it appear thicker and fuller. Henry is an aggressive performer with outstanding seedling vigor, growth and turf establishment. Left unmowed in the summer months, fine fescues can grow to 4”+ and form a clumpy, windswept look. Photographs taken under a microscope of the tiller leaf cross section of (a) ‘Navigator II” strong creeping red fescue, (b) ‘Seabreeze GT’ slender creeping red fescue, (c) ‘Gladiator’ hard fescue, and (d) ‘Marco Polo’ hard fescue; not pictured is ‘Radar’ Chewings fescue but was similar to the two F. The hard fescues are particularly good for low maintenances sites in Maryland. In order to have the highest quality of grass seed blends it has to start with choosing the most elite individual grass seeds. Seed it in bare soil, if possible, to a depth of about 1/2 inch. Dwarf California Poppy. Gladiator has shown excellent performance in the new Fine Leaf Fescue NTEP trials. 0. 9 types of no-mow grass alternatives 1. Make sure that you soak the soil. Stellar 4GL Perennial Ryegrass. Gladiator shows excellent performance in the fine leaf. glauca, Azure (Blue Fescue, Azure) 5. Any. Final Verdict. ) Perennial Ryegrass. Fescue grasses have worked hard to earn their popularity, especially with homeowners looking for a low-maintenance, year-round green lawn. If you wish to use chemicals for root maggot control, apply a liquid pesticide to your garden bed at the beginning of the growing season. 85%. It has a low growth habit and can tolerate partial shade. Hard Fescue. essential if hard fescue is grown as turf or ground cover and green color is desired. Thanks to its vigorous root system which penetrates up to 2 or 3 feet into the soil, it can seek out deep water sources, making it particularly drought and heat tolerant. Exclusive interviews with Ridley Scott, Joaquin Phoenix and Vanessa Kirby about their vision of Napoleon, filmmaking and the meaning of music in films. ‘Bighorn’ sheep fescue is a PVP turf grass release by Turf-Seed Inc. Promising: None at this time. Photo Credit: Aaron Patton / Purdue’s Turfgrass Science Program. 0% Poa pratensis, 'Selway' (Kentucky Bluegrass, ‘Selway’) 5. ‘MX-86’ sheep fescue is a turf variety developed by Jacklin Seed Company. The fine fescues do not have good wear tolerance and should not be mowed when weather conditions are hot and/or dry. Premium Perennial Ryegrass Blend using dark green varieties for overseeding golf tees, fairways, sports fields, home lawns & high traffic areas. It’s also a shade-tolerant grass and stays green longer. ft. Hard fescue is a cool-season grass often used in cool-season grass seed mixtures when shade is an expected problem. November 14, 2023 9:50am. commutata)ID It: Medium- to dark-green color; extremely. Used in “No Mow” mixes where one or two mowings suffice in a meadow. Fescue grass mowing guide. Hand-picked by experts! Pay later or over time with Affirm. var. 50# Kelly Improved Kentucky Bluegrass. Knowing the characteristics of the different grass types enables you to choose the best seeds for your needs. Seed viable up to 1 year. 2) It can be difficult to find the seed label and the species included. SEED COVERAGE & CONTENTS: 3 lb. D. Notes: Hard Fescue, sometimes known as Festuca ovina var. It also offers one of the best salt tolerances – no wonder it has such high NTPE ratings!The combat training was very hard and rough. Spartan II - Hard Fescue is a superior hard fescue top rated in all areas in the country, and under all maintenance regimes, Spartan II is an import-ant component of many turf mixtures. SEED BAG CONTENTS: 25lb. Creeping red fescues should be considered only for shady sites and not for sunny, low maintenance sites. Its dark green color and excellent seedling vigor sets the new standard for hard fescue. Shade mixture includes Fairmont Chewings Fescue, Rodin Tall Fescue, Exacta II Perennial Ryegrass, Gladiator Hard Fescue, Pathfinder Red FescueTwin City Seed Co. GLADIATOR hard fescue is a shade tolerant fine fescue that has improved dark green genetic color. A total of 16 fine fescue entries were evaluated; 6 Chewings fescues, 5 strong creeping red fescues, and 5 hard fescues (Figure 2 and 3). The most notable disadvantage of hard fescue (and almost all other fineleaf fescues) is its very slow germination and seedling growth. Gladiator is versatile and is used on golf courses, parks, commercial landscape, home. Hard fescue grass. Turf-type tall fescues have a wider leaf blade than fine fescues and are often used in seed blends where a shade loving, slow. How soon that is will depend on your climate. Ecolawns provide a turf-type ground cover and tolerate typical uses of grass lawns. Hard Fescue (Festuca longifolia) A tufted grass which produces a turf with a similar density to Strong Creeping Red Fescue, although without the rhizomatous spreading ability and also a similar germination time. What is the darkest green tall fescue? Kentucky bluegrass is darker green than many varieties of improved, turf-type tall fescues. Shade tolerance: Moderate to High, depending on speciesThe texture of hard fescue is very fine blades that are difficult to mow evenly. It is planted as a soil stabilizer on ski slopes and mine tailings, among other uses. 40% Gladiator Hard Fescue; 30% Beacon Hard Fescue; 15% Marco Polo Sheep Fescue; 15% Nakiska Sheep Fescue The fine bladed “No Mow” mix will not look like you traditional lawn. and hard fescue. Mixture includes: Boreal Creeping Red Fescue, Intrigue Chewings Fescue, Gladiator Hard Fescue, Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue, Blue Eyed Grass, Yaak Yarrow, & Self-Heal. bag covers spread of 1000 sq. Gladiator shows excellent performance in the new Fine Leaf Fescue NTEP trials. After growing 5 years in the shade, Mazama had a higher. Expert Response. 6 kg ae/ha. Shadow lll Chewings Fescue; Scottish Crest Mixture; 130 NW Hickory Street Albany OR 97321 US Phone: 888-681-7333 Fax: 541. Date of release and nativity is unknown. e. Therefore, we will inoculate these trials in early November 2014 and also use covers to increase the likelihood of disease. < sheep < creeping red < hard fescue. Description Our Stone Brothers Grass Seed Blends are based on annual turf trial tests at NC State University to assure top quality. ), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. SEED BAG CONTENTS: 5lb. Mixture includes: Boreal Creeping Red Fescue, Intrigue Chewings Fescue, Gladiator Hard Fescue, Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue, Blue Eyed Grass, Yaak Yarrow, & Self-Heal. Hard Fescue is also sometimes used. Moisten soil. Annual ryegrass provides quick cover, and the fescues provide a low growing groundcover adapted to poor sites. Hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey; 2n = 6x = 42) is a cool season turfgrass with a fine leaf texture that performs well under low-input management. Spartan II hard fescue – an outstanding, low-maintenance choice when dealing with low-fertility, acidic soil. duriscula or F. During the gladiator games Roman orchestra consisted of trumpets, horns and water organs or hydraulos. Many memorable Gladiator quotes have endured and helped the movie achieve an iconic status. glauca, Azure (Blue Fescue, Azure) 5. commutata (Chewings Fescue) 5. New York Metropolitan Flora database. ssp. Species selection and establishment. It does not do recover well from heavy traffic or injury, so it is good for non-mowed turf for slopes, median strips and unused areas of parks. Starter fertilizer was applied at 1. Promising: None at this time. Shade tolerant certified tall fescue blend. 40% hard fescue. The Fine Fescues all tend to be roughly similar in appearance, so no issues swapping out CRF for Hard. Perennial Ryegrass is the softer and the faster-growing one out of the two, but tall fescue has more foot tolerance as well as shade and drought tolerance. About this item . 25% Intrigue Chewings Fescue 23. Composition Note: Mixture components are subject to change without notice, subject to availability. 25 Seed Law. Creeping red fescue – Recommended or promising varieties: None at this time. Creeping red fescue: A fine fescue that grows in the most infertile soils and helps cover unsightly, barren patches of the lawn but is best mixed with other varieties Try to find fescue seed inoculated with the beneficial fungi endophytes, which helps grass stand up to pests and other environmental stressors. Hard fescue is a low-growing perennial turf grass that is considered to be one of the best species to use in low-maintenance areas. Red bag, abortions, thickened placentas, founder, necrosis, failure to freshen — all are symptoms of fescue toxicity. It is found throughout New England in fields and lawns. Crop & Plant Type: Fine Fescue . This is particularly noticeable when Chewings fescue is subjected to prolonged drought stress. rubra ssp. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a very deep rooted, cool-season perennial grass. ft. Festuca ovina var. Low Grow Fescue Turf Mix. About this item . This is a turfgrass that can handle minimal mowing. Partially-shaded lawns can be seeded with a mix of about 40-50% Kentucky Bluegrass, and 40. Occasionally confused with sterile . Of the fine fescues, hard, sheep, and Chewings are most popular in mixtures used for establishing naturalized stands. Very shady areas will likely need a custom seed blend. Add one-inch of top soil. Knowde is the first marketplace for chemicals, polymers and ingredients. Buy Reinders Ryegrass, Fescue Grass and Bermuda Grass Seed Mixes, Etc. Gladiator is Columbia Seeds’ new and improved Hard Fescue. 00 $ / Rating: 100 % of 100. First, you need to determine if clay is the problem. This seed adapts to different soils and is tolerant of a variety of climates. Gladiator has superior density, seedling vigor and disease resistance. If tree shade is a significant issue, I’d recommend: 40% Chewings fescue. New Lawn Seeding Rate. pictured (a. Blue Fescue, ‘Blue Ray’. TABLE 1 Species and cultivars included in the experiment Species Common name Cultivar Festuca rubra ssp. ssp. Product ID# 0830150. ), Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra spp. roemeri,As for watering, fine fescue prefers drier soils, but without regular irrigation, the grass will go dormant. Press seeds into the soil with the back of. Today, red fescue is classified into two groups: 1) Slender creeping red fescue or 2) Strong creeping red fescue. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. Tall Fescue. It is a clump type grass that can be grown in very adverse conditions as well as extremely shady areas, typically in the Northern regions and in higher elevations. Our product line is updated annually to include newly released ryegrass, bluegrass, and fescues. Look for low-maintenance and shady grass mixes that contain several species of fine fescue. bag covers spread of 200 sq. ). Festuca brevipilla. Picking the Right Grass. other fine fescue species, and ‘Reliant IV’ and ‘Predator’ were selected as the most heat-tolerant and -sensitive hard fescue cultivars, respectively (Wang et al. ) have enhanced tolerance to glyphosate compared with traditional varieties, but the mechanisms that. 50# Cert Ambrose Chewings Fescue. Flowers: Five Spot, Baby Blue Eyes, Tidy Tips, Dwarf California Poppy, Western Yarrow, Self Heal, Western Blue-Eyed. Festuca ovina var. rubra Strong creeping red fescue Cardinal II Festuca brevipila Hard fescue Gladiator Festuca rubra ssp. Hard fescue is a densely tufted, cool season, long-lived perennial bunchgrass. S. 5”. Creeping red fescues should be considered only for shady. Category I – Recommended Tall Fescue Varieties (90–100% on a weight basis). Troy Lohman of TNT Farms now runs almost 1,000 goats a year. Ashland Kentucky Bluegrass, Mazama Kentucky Bluegrass, Tarnation GT Turf Type Tall Fescue, Intrigue Chewings Fescue : Boreal Creeping Red Fescue, Intrigue Chewings Fescue, Gladiator GT Hard Fescue, Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue, White Dutch Clover, Self Heal, Creeping ThymeBusiness, Economics, and Finance. A blend of turf-type tall fescue or a single recommended cultivar. It might make sense to have such things as sod quality Bewitched, Prosperity, Mazama, Midnight, etc. bag covers spread of 5000 sq. cinerea. Mixture includes: Celestial Creeping Red Fescue, Intrigue Chewings Fescue, Gladiator GT Hard Fescue, Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue, White Dutch Clover, Self Heal, &. Fahrenheit 90 Bluegrass – 15. To qualify for this recommended list turfgrass varieties: 1) must be available as certified seed or, in the case of vegetative varieties, as certified sprigs or sod; 2) must be tested at sites in both Virginia and Maryland; 3) must perform well, relative to other varieties, for a minimum of two years to make the list as a “promising. 0% Poa pratensis, 'Kelly' (Kentucky Bluegrass, 'Kelly') 5. Tall Fescue Grass . 75%. S. Hard Fescue is a cool season grass. 4) These can be some of the most expensive seed mixtures. The USDA estimates fescue toxicosis costs the U. ”. 25 lb bag of Luxury Lawn Grass Seed. Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue. Photo by Leah Brilman. Other fine fescues are bunch-type grasses, such as Chewings, hard, and sheep fescues. ssp. ft. It is fairly tolerant of fire in autumn, but requires 2 to 3 years to fully recover after burning. ), and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 0% Poa pratensis, 'Selway' (Kentucky Bluegrass, ‘Selway’) 5. duriuscula, 'Jetty' (Hard Fescue, 'Jetty') 15. 50# Grass. Farming . Hard Fescue is the "toughest" of all the fescues in that it is the most drought resistant, shade tolerant, and disease resistant than the other species. Sheep fescue – Recommended or promising: None at this time. Plants were then transferred into environmentally controlled growth chambers for an additional acclimation period of 7 d prior to initiation of. The Hard Fescues are the most tolerant of heavy foot traffic of the fine fescues. While fescue is often included in typical lawn mix, opting for an all-fescue lawn won't require chemical fertilizers or weed killers—it's so densely growing, it naturally chokes out weeds. Palmer III Perennial Ryegrass – 9. Gladiator (H) Radar (C)4 Promising Fine Fescue CultivarsA blend is achieved when more three or more cultivar of a species of grass such as tall fescue * is combined. per 1,000 sq. Creeping red fescue is the only species that. ft. Native Steep Slope Mix w/Grain Rye ERNMX-181-2 $ 9. CryptoThis mix of fescue grass, annual and perennial wildflowers… wildflowers are native to California and ideal for planting in USDA zones 3-10. Shade TolerantColumbia Seeds® provides this “Value Direct Link®” through a close association with top quality Pacific Northwest growers and multi-channel distributiondel mar va tall fescue blend; kentucky 31 tall fescue; fawn tall fescue; bronson tall fescue; rushmore chewings fescue; harpoon hard fescue; gladiator hard fescue; gibraltar gold creeping red fescue; kelly kentucky bluegrass; appalachian kentucky bluegrass; wild horse kentucky bluegrass; arrowhead kentucky bluegrass; bluemaster kentucky. ". 1, NDVI values for Salton Sea alkaligrass, Soil Guard hard fescue, Nanook hard fescue, Gladiator hard fescue, Blue Mesa sheep fescue, Quatro sheep fescue and Premium perennial ryegrass were significantly lower than that of top performer Tirem Kentucky bluegrass after 49 days of heat stress . Improved disease resistance, excellent drought tolerance and improved mowability. Extreme salt tolerance makes SeaMist an ideal choice where effluent water is used to irrigate or exposed to seawater and spray. 69 Add to cart; Add to Wishlist. The natural rough area in the foreground is fine fescue, and the golf course fairways consist of 30% slender creeping red fescue + 30% Chewings fescue + 20% strong creeping red fescue + hard fescue surrounded by waste bunker areas. 1, NDVI values for Salton Sea alkaligrass, Soil Guard hard fescue, Nanook hard fescue, Gladiator hard fescue, Blue Mesa sheep fescue, Quatro sheep fescue and Premium perennial ryegrass were significantly lower than that of top performer Tirem Kentucky bluegrass after 49 days of heat stress . Columbia seed Fine Fescue Gladiator . Compared to sheep fescue, it has more lax. 9% Weed Free, 5 lb. The species derives its common name by virtue of being the "hardiest" of the fescue family. ) Get the best lawn care service starting at $19! Check My Price. It has superior density, seedling vigor and disease resistance. Although hard fescue may be mowed, mowing is not recommend-ed in areas with hot summers (Beard, 1973; Harivandi and Elmore, 1990). It has the botanical name Fescue longifolia and can be grown in USDA zones as low as 3. Make sure that you soak the soil. Promising: None at this time. 0-5. Grass sprouts in about 7 days with good coverage in 2 weeks. No Mow can be mowed occasionally (to suite the property owner’s taste). Tech Sheet Sword II Hard Fescue Symbol Scientific Name Other Common Names; FECI: Festuca cinerea auct. var. of seed per 1,000 sq. mixtures that consisted of the following five species: strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ft. It grows well with other Northern grasses and is salt-tolerant, which helps limit turf damage from ice melters. Add to Wishlist. GLADIATOR hard fescue is a shade tolerant fine fescue that has improved dark green genetic color. " Alternate names: Also known as. Seed viable up to 1 year. Coverage Rate: New Lawns: 8 lbs. This was the first commercial release of hard fescue. Because of the pros and cons of fine fescues for Georgia, they are typically sold in seed mixtures that include other grass types rather than on their own. 25% Gladiator Hard Fescue. Fine fescue species are more susceptible to damage when mowing is poorly timed, so especially avoid mowing on the hottest and driest days of the year. In a 3-year study in southern Alberta, McKernan et al. Business, Economics, and Finance. For example, if you want low-maintenance grass, plant fine fescue seeds on your lawn. Fine Fescues - Fine fescues are a group of grass species that includes creeping red, chewing, and hard fescue. Of course, to increase your chances of success, you must pay attention to oxygen soil levels, nutrient content, and water. are only for mixing with tall fescue for mixed species sod production). (2001)fescue, hard fescue, red fescue, Chewing’s fescue and blue fescue, among others. However, it does have some qualities that make it a very useful grass, specifically around its low maintenance and drought tolerance attributes. Pick up a handful of soil. fine fescue, red. The function and intention of the mix will. rubra ssp. Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue. If you want to add drought. commutata), hard fescue (Festuca tryachphylla), and sheep fescue (Festuca ovina). Heavy Duty Shade Mix coverage is . Find the exact seeds you need for your project using the advanced search and filtering options of our Seed Finder Tool:Amino acid and protein metabolism are interrelated and both play important roles in plant adaptation to heat stress. Hard fescue is a cool-season grass that thrives in cooler temperatures and goes dormant during the hot summer months. These species include hard fescue, slender and strong creeping red fescue, Chewings fescue, and sheep fescue. Keep in mind that anything else in treated soil, such as worms, will also be killed. ssp. Hard fescue is a Eurasian native that has been widely introduced in North America. 8 Cultivar. The hard fescues are particularly good for low maintenances sites in Maryland. Creeping Red Fescue – photo NDSU. Table 1 contains red thread ratings for the top performing fine fescues in the 1998 NTEP fine. An ecolawn is a low input alternative to a conventional perennial grass lawn. New generation Hard fescue that looks great when mowed. They are very fine textured and will produce an attractive turf cover if properly installed and maintained. Superior rust resistance. 5 and 4. While not as popularly used, Sheep Fescue offers greater. Here are the seed varieties in the mix we have: Boreal Creeping Red Fescue Shadow III Chewings Fescue Gladiator Hard Fescue Blue Mesa Sheep Fescue Thanks so much! Washington County Minnesota. $139. Hard fescue – Promising varieties: Beacon II, Sword II, and Tenacious. It is an excellent option for low maintenance lawns due to its shade, disease, drought, and heat tolerance. Festuca ovina var. Turfgrass seeding rates (Tables 2–11) are expressed on a PLS basis. ), Chewing’s fescue (Festuca rubraL. Contains: Leonardo Tall Fescue, Rodin Tall Fescue, Da Vinci Tall Fescue, Gladiator Hard Fescue. 1754 BRAUNET AL. Hard Fescue (Festuca trachyphylla) Description: This perennial grass forms a dense tuft of leafy shoots about ¾-2' tall. 2. Some of the states where red fescue grass thrives include Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Ohio, and it will also do well in New England lawns. 5. S. Compared to ordinary grasses, tall fescue varieties from Pennington The Rebels Brand have 40% more roots. Installation: Seeding Rates. High quality turfgrass seed contains no undesirable grass seeds. Knowde for Suppliers. Tidy Tips. They include creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), chewing fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. ft. 0%Festuca rubra ssp. Creeping red fescues should be considered only for shady. Hard fescue has low wear tolerance. Gladiator is Columbia Seeds’ new and improved Hard Fescue. It has superior density, seedling vigor, and disease resistance. Product ID# 0830125. “I think he knows what Rome is. GLADIATOR can be used in low maintenance areas such as roadsides,. Dense turf, rating #1 in the recent NTEP trials. Traverse 2 SRP Tall Fescue. Straight Seed Products. Hard Fescue, Gladiator. The most important thing you can do for your cool-season turfgrass in November is grow roots two ways: First, feed your turf during the one week period in November when the leaf blades stop growing but are still green. Gladiator has superior density, seedling vigor and disease resistance. In a 3-year study in southern Alberta, McKernan et al. hard fescue Classification; Kingdom: Plantae - Plants: Subkingdom: Tracheobionta - Vascular plants: Superdivision: Spermatophyta - Seed plants: Division: Magnoliophyta -. Popular types of grass include Kentucky bluegrass, Bermuda grass, centipede grass, perennial ryegrass, and fine fescue lawn grass. This concludes our exhaustive comparison of two of the most popular cool-season grasses. High Quality Gloco Grass Seeds Environmentally Friendly Blend Drought Tolerance to Insect Disease Less Watered Turf 10kgIndividual Seed Species. TABLE 1 Species and cultivars included in the experiment Species Common name Cultivar Festuca rubra ssp. It has good cold tolerance, but its heat and drought tolerance varies by. Background: Hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey, 2n=6x=42) is a cool season turfgrass with a fine leaf texture that performs well under low-input management. (per 1,000 square feet) Overseed Seeding Rate. No Mow can be mowed occasionally (to suite the property owner’s taste). Seed viable up to 1 year. Tall fescue's naturally extensive root system can reach 2 to 3 feet deep, much deeper than other cool-season grasses. As a seed company, we understand the importance of high quality seed for your operation. Taylor’s No. The most commonly used cool-season grass in the northern United States is Kentucky bluegrass. The cinematography, cast, and action scenes were Oscar-worthy as the film won Best Picture when it was released in 2000. The common fine fescues now used in shade and low-maintenance lawn mixes contain chewings, as well as creeping red and hard fescue. Chewing fescue - Recommended: Compass II, Radar 4. brevipila genomics, we used PacBio isoform. Fine fescues have a high shade tolerance but low foot-traffic tolerance. Low Grow Fescue Seed Mixture | Low Maintenance Fine Grass Blend | Dense Turf for Hard to Mow Areas | Shade Tolerant, Drought Resistant | 99. Hard fescue is a common fine fescue grass seed that is exceptionally hardy in cold climates. mixtures that consisted of the following five species: strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 3-way Certified Sod Quality tall fescue blend . Tall Fescue on the other hand can germinate as soon as seven days. Left unmowed, it creates a nice plume effect favorable for sloped landscape areas and links style golf course roughs. Gladiator is Columbia Seeds’ new and improved Hard Fescue. 0% Poa pratensis,. 3, respectively . 13. To learn more about fescue grass’ characteristics, growing patterns, and care, read our guide to decide if it’s right for your yard. ft. ) Best Warm-Season Grasses for Colorado. According to a previous screening experiment, the hard fescue. Mature clumps will reach up to 2' tall with an equal spread. It has high shade resistance and high density withWarm season grasses are low maintenance, highly heat tolerant and have low water requirements. Gladiator is a new and improved hard fescue. Watered in daily. GreenView Fairway Formula Turf Type Tall Fescue Shady Mixture combines heat and drought tolerance with adaptability. Kentucky Bluegrass, Perennial Ryegrass, Epic Creeping Red Fescue, Reliant IV Hard Fescue, Fults Alkaligrass. on 10/2/18 (14-28-10) along with a pelletized paper mulch at 25. Its dark green color and excellent seedling vigor sets the new standard for hard fescue performance. 25 lb bag of Luxury Lawn Grass Seed. It is drought tolerant and does not require much mowing or fertilizing. Best in mixed sun/shade areas. 0% Festuca ovina, Variety Not Stated (Sheep Fescue, Variety Not Stated) 15. 25% Monsieur Perennial Ryegrass. Landscaper’s Choice Mix.